Background: Chronic Pain is a burdensome symptom. Different psychological models have been proposed to explain the role of psychological and social factors in developing and maintaining chronic Pain. Attachment is a psychological construct of possible relevance in chronic Pain. Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of predicting attachment styles on Pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic Pain. Methods: In a descriptive-correlational study, convenience sampling was used to select 120 chronic Pain patients from Pain clinic of akhtar hospital in Tehran, Iran during three months. The participants completed a demographic questionnaire, Adult Attachment Inventory, Pain catastrophizing Scale. Data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation and step by step regression models. Results: The correlations between attachment styles & depending variables in this study were significantly (P<0/01). Based on the results of regression analysis, secure and ambivalent attachment styles was able to predicted Pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic Pain. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that secure and ambivalent attachment styles can predict Pain catastrophizing. Considering these variables may be important in the processes of prevention, diagnosis and treatment reparation of attachment, as well as promoting mental health in patients with chronic Pain.

Background: Pain catastrophizing and Pain anxiety are important variables in chronic Pain perception, but little is known about their role in Pain intensity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Pain catastrophizing and Pain anxiety in predicting Pain intensity in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Method: This study was a correlational study. From women with rheumatoid arthritis referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital and private clinics in Tehran, 100 patients were selected using convenience sampling method. Instruments used in this study included the Pain catastrophizing Scale (Sullivan et al, 1995), the Pain-Anxiety Symptom Scale (McCracken et al, 1996), and the Visual Analogue Scale. Results: The results showed that Pain catastrophizing and Pain anxiety significantly predicted Pain intensity in women with rheumatoid arthritis. The standardized regression coefficient for Pain catastrophizing was 0/51 (P<0/001) and for Pain anxiety was 0/30 (P<0/01). Conclusions: Pain catastrophizing and Pain anxiety can increase chronic Pain in women with rheumatoid arthritis by increasing their Pain intensity. Therefore, these factors need to be considered in the management and treatment of these patients.

Introduction: Headaches are the most common cause of absence from work and school and one of the most common reasons of referring to neurologist. The present study aimed to investigate the role of prayer and Pain catastrophizing as coping strategies in prediction of headache intensity.Methods: In this research we selected 124 patients (89 female and 35 male) with headache as comparison group via available sampling method and 53 individual (30 female and 23 male) as control group. The patients were chosen after the diagnosis of headache by a neurologist in a neurology clinic. The patients completed demographic questionnaire, visual analogues scale (VAS), prayer subscale of coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ) and Pain catastrophizing scale (PCS).Results: The analysis of regression showed that rumination as one of the subscale of Pain catastrophizing and prayer could account for 9% of variation for headache intensity.Conclusion: The results show that prayer and rumination, which is one of catastrophic components, are effective in prediction of Pain. In other words, prayer can predict low intensity of headache, and rumination can predict high intensity of headache and this result which prayer predicted low intensity of Pain, can explain the role of spirituality in mental health, especially in our country with religious background.